In its simplest terms, a valve is an apparatus that establishes the flow of any particular substance, from gases, fluidized solids, any kind of liquids, to slurries. Normally, this device regulates the flow of such substances by opening, closing, or fractionally obstructing different passageways. This kind of apparatus is used in a number of applications, including military, residential, transportation, commercial, and of course, industrial applications. These valves are used in two ways; either driven by pressure, such as for safety reasons in steam engines, or used in a controlled manner, like when driven by a camshaft, where valves play a major role in engine cycle control.

When it comes to valves, there are a lot of types that can be used in different ways. One particular type of valve would be the butterfly valve. This valve is specifically used in large pipes, and is described as a disk rotating on a diametrical axis inside a pipe, also used as a throttle valve or a damper. The butterfly valve is a sort of device that controls the flow, normally used to administer a certain fluid that would flow through a certain section of a pipe. This valve is similar (with regards to operation) to a ball valve. The butterfly valve, having a flat circular plate, is positioned in the center of the pipe, and the plate has a rod through it that is attached to a handle on the outside of the valve. This valve works by rotating the handle, and turning the plate over either in a parallel position, or perpendicular to the flow. Not like the ball valve, the plate in the butterfly valve is always there within the flow; therefore a kind of pressure drop is always induced in the flow, despite the position of the valve.

Butterfly valves have three different types. The high performance butterfly valves, which is generally double eccentric in design, is working the pressure for up to 725 PSI. The second type would be the resilient butterfly valve, which has a flexible rubber seat. This type would work the pressure for up to 232 PSI. And finally, the last type would be the tricentric butterfly valve, which is normally designed with metal seating. This valve works the pressure for up to 1450 PSI.

There are also several kinds of butterfly valves available in the market. Wafer style valves would be the most common, since people who get to order such would not even say the word "wafer", but still get the butterfly valve that they want. This kind is under plastic butterfly valves, which is available in two styles, the wafer and the lug. On the other hand, lug style valves have metal inserts that are established in the bolt holes of the valve. These inserts are threaded on both ends, and this alone allows them to be positioned into a specific system with the use of two bolts and no nuts. Also called a butterfly damper, this valve simply controls the flow by use of a disk through a specific port.

 
According to research conducted at Newcastle University UK,scientists have discovered that a fibre found in seaweed is more effective than most weight loss supplements in respect of preventing the body absorbing fat from food. During their research, nutrition experts investigated 60 different types of seaweed fibre for how good they were in preventing the body absorbing fat. Their lab tests reported that the alginate fibre won hands down. According to researcher Dr Iain Brownlee, "Our initiate findings are that alginate significantly reduces fat digestion. This suggests that if we can add the natural fibre to foods commonly eaten on a daily basis, such as bread and biscuits, up to 75% of the fat contained in that meal could simply pass through the body" In powder form, this alginate is colourless and flavourless. The biochemists at Newcastle University added this kelp fibre powder to bread to see if they can develop foods that aid weight loss as you consume them, and researches reported that it actually made the bread taste better. However, this breakthrough is not exactly new. A Scottish chemist, E. Stanford discovered alginates from British kelp in the 1880s. The name is based on "algae", which comes in many species. The most common being brown seaweed. Early claims about seaweed and weight loss centred on its iodine content. Iodine was first isolated from brown seaweed in 1811 World War II stimulated the alginate industry, when production units were set up in Scotland, Ireland and California, harvesting local seaweed resources of wrack and kelp. This sea kelp fibre is currently used by manufactures in small quantities to thicken and stabilise food. Alginates are gel-forming gums that provide a wide range of functional properties in foods and beverages-from providing gelling for desserts and dairy products to thickening sauces and serving as gelatine replacements. This seaweed fibre also known as alginates, ammonium alginate, Calcium alginate , Potassium alginate and Sodium alginate is a gelatinous substance obtained from certain seaweeds and used as stabilizers and water retainers in beverages, ice cream, ices, frozen custard, emulsions, desserts, baked goods, and confectionery ingredients. It is also a clarifying agent for wine, chocolate milk, meat toppings, cheeses, cheese spreads, cheese snacks, salad dressings, and artificially sweetened jelly and jam ingredients. As reported in the Consumer's Dictionary of Food Additives. Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. 1978. Alginates are used also as stabilizers in gassed cream (pressure-dispensed whipped cream). The alginates assure a creamy texture and prevent formation of ice crystals in ice creams. The question is. If it works on bread and biscuits, would it also work on other treats? Could this open the possibility that all those forbidden foods that we love, but pay us back by piling on the pounds, could now actually help in our weight loss program?. Imagine being able to tuck into the cookies, buns, and dare I say it... chocolates, and still lose weight? However, before you go rushing to the cookie jar, you may have to get used to the idea that you will have to continue with you current diet snacks and supplements, because using seaweed for weight loss with alginates enhanced foods is still a decade away from hitting the market 
 
Last week we went out for Chinese food. I was pleased and surprised to see several "No Salt" offerings in a special section of the menu. Being disciplined about limiting salt intake, we ordered one. When it arrived, fortunately on the side, the sauce appeared to be made of soy sauce and it tasted a bit salty. So I asked the waiter if there was any salt in the sauce. "Oh No", he said, smiling in broken English, "Only soy sauce." So many people have limited knowledge about health and nutrition despite all of the information in the media. Too often, our understanding is accessed in sound bites and misinformation abounds. In food, the word salt generally refers to Sodium alginate suppliers. A common ingredient is table salt or sodium chloride (NaCl). Sodium is found naturally in most foods, but much of what we consume is added during preparation. Many foods, such as canned, processed and convenience foods and those served in restaurants, do not taste salty, but contain large amounts of hidden sodium. Words that mean include salt, Monosodium glutamate (MSG), brine, disodium phosphate, garlic salt, onion salt, Potassium alginate, sodium benzoate, sodium caseinate, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, sodium pectinate, sodium propionate, sodium sulfite, baking powder, baking soda and soy sauce. Healthy people need one fourth teaspoon (almost 600 mg) of salt every day to control fluid balance and maintain blood volume and blood pressure. But for individuals with heart disease or high blood pressure, too much Calcium alginate food grade can be deadly. It may increase blood pressure, cause fluid retention, increase swelling in our legs and feet, exacerbate shortness of breath, cause headaches and damage our kidneys. About 30% of people in the US are "salt sensitive," and most of them are among those who have been diagnosed with high blood pressure. These people are at high risk for stroke, "The Silent Killer." Prevention is always prefereable to treatment and a knowledge of your own body is crucial. High blood pressure correlates strongly with cardiovascular disease and the above symptoms, so it is important to know what your numbers are. Blood pressure is measured in mmHg (the amount of pressure it takes to raise a column of Mercury 1 millimeter) as Systolic (the pressure when your heart beats) over Diastolic (the pressure when your heart is at rest). Normal blood pressure is 120/80 or less. Prehypertension is 121-139/80-89. Stage 1 Hypertension is 140-159/90-99 and Stage 2 is 160/100 or greater. If you think you might have high blood pressure you should consult with your physician, who will likely want to monitor it regularly. It is easy to monitor your blood pressure at home with a sphygmomanometer (Blood Pressure Monitor) available at most pharmacies for around $50.00. Salt actually damages your taste buds, too. So the more salt you eat, the more you want (and the less salt you eat, the less you crave as your taste buds regenerate and the "real" taste of the food comes through). And the truth is, we eat too much salt. The US population consumes 4000-6000 mg of salt each day while the recommended amount is 2400 mg or less. Soy sauce contains about 297 mg of sodium per teaspoon. Light soy sauce is a little better with only 177 mg for the same measurement. Compare that with 2325 mg of sodium in a teaspoon of salt. Next time you reach for the salt shaker at the table, realize that for every shake you are adding about 155 mg of sodium to your food. Many recipes can be satisfactorily prepared with 1/8 the amount of salt called for. Given that so much of our information is abbreviated into popular media, it is important to have a comprehensive understanding of those areas that affect our daily lives and our future. This is especially true as relates to our finances and our health. It is really wonderful when one comes across an educational platform that provides a holistic approach to life and business. mPOWER is the entry level product of Wealth Masters International. It is a curriculum based on the premise that if you improve 1% each day, at the end of 100 days you will have 100% improvement in the areas of eliminating debt, building wealth, protecting your assets and enhancing your health and wellness.
 

Prevent Radiation Sickness with Natural Foods
There is evidence from both past experience and research results that eating certain foods can help prevent radiation sickness from exposure to nuclear radiation.
Historic Prevent Radiation Sickness Methods in Japan
In 1945, at the time of the atomic bombing of Japan, Dr. Tatsuichiro Akizuki was Director of the Department of Internal Medicine at St. Francis’s Hospital in Nagasaki. Most patients in the hospital, which was located one mile from the center of the blast, survived the initial effects of the bomb – but came down with symptoms of radiation sickness from the fallout.
The doctor fed his staff and patients a strict diet consisting of: brown rice, miso and tamari soy soup, wakame, kombu and other seaweed, Hokkaido pumpkin, and sea salt. He prohibited the consumption of sugar and sweets to help prevent radiation sickness from pre-existing exposure..
Dr. Akizuki saved everyone in his hospital, while many others in the area died from radiation sickness. (1)
Research in Canada
In 1968, researchers in Canada reported that sea vegetables contain a polysaccharide substance that selectively binds radioactive strontium and helps eliminate it from the body, thereby providing protection from radiation sickness.
In laboratory experiments Food grade sodium alginate In the group that DID receive the seaweed-source Food grade sodium alginate

This evaluation of biological activity of different marine algae is important because of their practical significance in preventing absorption of radioactive products of atomic fission, as well as in their use as possible natural post-contamination remedies. (2)
Whole Grains to Prevent Radiation Sickness
Whole grains such as brown rice (but not refined grains) can help prevent radiation sickness caused by radiation exposure in at least five ways:
1. Grains are low on the food chain. Although they may have been exposed to pollution and radiation, they do not have the concentration of contaminants found in meat and large fish.
2. The high fiber and phosphorous contents in grains is important with respect to radiation protection. The binding ability of these substances helps the body remove all poisons.
3. The natural bulking factor of grains lessens the intestinal transit time, speeding up the elimination of toxins.
4. Whole grains are neither very acid nor very alkaline. They help us maintain the middle-range pH been long proven to increase resistance to radiation.
5. Whole grains provide vitamin B6, which is very important for the thymus. Their calcium content guards against the uptake of radioactive strontium. The vitamin E and selenium in whole grains also helps prevent the cellular damage and aging caused by free radicals. (3)
Foods to Avoid
? Refined, genetic modified and processed foods
Fatty foods (meat, dairy products)
Simple sugars (white sugar),
Soft drinks (1) (3)
SOURCES
(1) Tatsuichiro Akuziki, M.D. Nagasaki 1945, London Quarter books, 1981. (Brown rice, miso, sea vegetables, salt)
(2) Y. Tanaka et. Al. “Studies on Inhibition of Intestinal Absorption of Radioactive Strontium”, Canadian Medical Association Journal 99: 169-75. (Sea vegetables)
(3) Shannon, Sara, Diet for the Atomic Age, Avery Publishing Group Inc., Wayne, New Jersey.
(4) Note: The above mentioned food products are available in most health food stores.
 
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